Big topic. Huge topic. Shelves-loads of books. In general, you are right. Big companies cannot innovate well in the way you are implying ("disruptive"), though there are important exceptions (they can do something called "sustaining"... the opposite of disruptive). The main starting point is

1. Clayton Christensen's "The Innovator's Dilemma"

Here's my quickie primer on that (the theory of disruption):

http://www.ribbonfarm.com/2007/0...

In order, after that, you should read:

2. Dealing with Darwin by Geoffrey Moore
3. Open Innovation by Henry Chesbrough
4. The Lever of Riches by Joel Mokyr
5. Whatever case study you can find about how IBM reinvented itself in the early 90s... plenty of articles out there. Important to read up on this, since it is one of the few clear and recent examples of a truly big company successfully innovating out of an old/obsolete business model and into a new one. Haloid turning into Xerox in the late 50s/early 60s is also a decent example, but at the time Haloid was more of a small/medium company. There are plenty of that type of example (medium innovating to go to big), but not many of big-to-big.

Also, a negative recommendation. Do NOT read "Blue Ocean Strategy."

That should cover 80% of the foundational ideas/data.