Boilerplate

Most texts and speech utterances are produced on the spot, by a particular writer or speaker, translating meaning into a linear arrangement of words. The final products of this process tend to be amazingly unique: you usually only need to google a short string of words in order to find the single source that they come from. (Try it - you rarely need more than four or five words, even very common words, and a whole sentence is usually overkill.) How incredible that most short strings are never repeated! Meanings are repeated over and over, expressed in different ways, but their manner of expression varies. However, there is a class of texts and speech utterances that are interesting precisely because they are boilerplate: they are reproduced over and over, pretty much verbatim, by different writers and speakers. One class of these texts is the chain letter: a document whose content implores the human reader to reproduce it (or to share it on social media). But some of the most widely copied texts and speech utterances do not themselves ask to be copied. These pieces of boilerplate language are copied verbatim for reasons outside the context of the texts themselves. For example, boilerplate language in legal contracts is included not because the language says “include me in your contracts or you will be visited by the Litigation Demon;” rather, they are included because specific linear arrangements of words have been judged in the past to have a specific legal effect. Historically, in contract law, it was difficult to tell when a late performance still counted as performance. Courts held that the boilerplate incantation “time is of the essence” demonstrated that a performance had to be on time to count, and that exact string words still makes its way into contracts in order to ward off claims that late performance is good enough. Boilerplate code is used for a similar reason: in some languages and programming environments, snippets of code must be reused over and over because they are not part of the default assumptions of the interpreting layer, even though they are part of the default intent of the writer. When texts are copied because they are entertaining across many situations, even though they don’t invite the reader to copy them, they are called copypasta. This class of texts, more than legal boilerplate or boilerplate code, seems most similar to the original meaning of boilerplate text (according to Wikipedia): text engraved directly onto metal plates for printing onto newspaper, to be distributed more widely and used more often than sheets created on the fly, each letter placed by hand or Linotype. Original boilerplate texts, as I understand them, were the mass-market normie bullshit of their day, featuring advertisements and articles meant to be copied far and wide, rather than produced locally by organic artisans. The origin of the term “boilerplate” from the steel plates used to make boilers strikes me as mysterious. Why would intellectuals criticizing newspapers expect their audiences to be familiar with the specific materials used to manufacture industrial equipment? As far as I can tell, the answer is that during the steampunk nineteenth century, boilers were constantly exploding and killing people. From the New York Times, November 8th, 1860 (“Steam Boiler Explosions”):

On Friday, the 2d inst., a boiler of the Mississippi steamer H.R.W. Hill exploded, instantly killing thirty-nine persons. The same day a boiler blew up at New-Haven, fatally injuring three or four persons. The next day the boiler of the tow-boat Baltic exploded in Mobile Bay, killing and fatally injuring several people. On the 24th ult. -- a little over a week ago, a boiler explosion occurred at Lee, and another at Lowell; and the day before there was another at New-Orleans, each one killing its man and injuring others.

The author identifies shoddy materials, poor maintenance, lack of inspections, and poor alignment of incentives as the causes of these explosions. A boiler is only as strong as its weakest element, and often that element is one of its plates. [caption id="attachment_6352" align="alignnone" width="300"] A boiler, made from boiler plate, with bolts visible.[/caption] The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were a wild time for product liability law, and a second meaning of “boiler plate” soon appeared: metal plates with text on them, indicating their manufacturer, that were welded onto boilers, as required by various laws, presumably in the event that the boiler exploded and an investigation needed to be carried out. Boiler plates from as early as 1800 contain patent information, so some kind of intellectual property justification may have been at work as well. It’s not clear whether “boilerplate” as an analogy referred to the steel plates that boilers were made from, or the ones affixed to boilers with text molded into them (for legal reasons). [caption id="attachment_6353" align="alignnone" width="300"] A boiler plate printed with manufacturer and patent information. Photo: Betty Longbottom[/caption] The texts incorporated by religious and secular ritual (formal prayers, pledges of allegiance, oaths) form yet another category of text copied more or less verbatim, even though the text itself usually does not implore its own reproduction within the words of its content. And extremely nearby in this cluster is the song: a specific linear arrangement of words, reproduced verbatim or nearly so, with the words produced at specific pitch relationships and rhythms. Songs are often used in religious and secular ritual, as well as for play. The musical structure makes it easier to remember a specific linear arrangement of words. It’s much more difficult to memorize a specific linear arrangement of prose. Both songs and other kinds of boilerplate texts often exist in multiple versions, unless some version is canonized by a mechanism that is not vulnerable to competing canonizers. In my own life, the boilerplate speech I use most frequently is the greeting “morning,” and I suspect that greetings are some of the most successful boilerplate texts in all of language. Even though it is only one word, it is a shortened form of a longer greeting, and it is used on its own only in a specific context to have a particular meaning. It is not a universal aspect of stranger protocol: on a crowded street, for example, it would be a breach of tacit boundaries to greet every person with “morning.” Rather, it is performed when encountering strangers is a relatively rare event (an empty side street at dawn, for instance), so that greeting does not take up too much time and attention from other projects, such as dog walking or running through the neighborhood. The greeting acknowledges the humanity of the encountered stranger, and is usually performed with a smile, indicating basic good will. In situations where encountering others is rare, the order of civil inattention seems to require (or allow) more proactive intimacy between strangers. “Morning” says “I am glad that you are here briefly, for I feel a bit safer with another friendly face around, and I hope I provide the same feeling for you. I will not stop to talk further, for I have my project and I see that you have yours as well, but know that I recognize your personhood and am temporarily a nearby ally. If we should see each other ten more times, perhaps we will even chat a moment.” However, not all strangers are so greeted; they may be excluded because of inattention, uninviting facial expression, sun in one party’s eyes, haughtiness, or some other barrier to this version of the stranger protocol. So while most text is unique, the subset that is copied over and over is highly useful, and is often used in creative and satisfying ways that would be difficult to achieve with spontaneously-produced language.

The Boilerplate Body

Just as language is mostly produced on-demand in unique linear combinations of words, the body is constantly adjusting itself to its specific circumstances. On one level, the body and its processes are evolution’s best guess as to what will reproduce itself based on what has reproduced itself in the past. On another level, the current shape of the body is the body’s best guess as to what will be successful at its projects, based on the projects it has performed in the past, and given all its constraints (energy, aging, etc.). It’s extremely inductive. When a muscle is used, it adapts itself for further use by building more tissue. When a muscle goes unused, it atrophies. When body parts are stretched in certain ways, over time, they become more flexible - more able to move in the way they have been moving in the past. When a pathogen is encountered in an organism with an acquired immune system, antibodies form, making the organism less vulnerable to the pathogens encountered in the past. When the skin encounters sun or friction, it becomes darker or tougher, better able to withstand the forces it has been exposed to in the past. The bodies of animals, and even the “bodies” of plants, are constantly performing structure-preserving transformations on themselves based on information from past experience (and sometimes that past experience is the experience of ancestors, encoded in DNA). How strange that all these wise and reasonable processes are at bottom encoded in boilerplate - in copies of code pasted over and over, turned into the same proteins over and over, using available materials. Somehow it works by copypasta even though no two leaves are exactly alike. Some DNA is more boilerplate than others: coding genes are more boilerplate than whole genomes. The genomes of asexually-reproducing species are more boilerplate than those who reproduce sexually, and within sexually-reproducing species, DNA inherited from only one parent (mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome) is more boilerplate than DNA that recombines between organisms. Within sexually-reproducing species, these copypasta structures seem to contain only a handful of highly conserved genes, indicating that the advantages of using this method of transmission are limited to certain situations, but definitely present. Each mode of transmission has its own ways of limiting the effects of inevitable harmful mutations.

Boiler Plates and Tiling Structures

I like the analogy of boiler plates, because boiler plates are rectilinear structures made by artificial processes, vast arrangements of similar molecules that are highly unlikely in nature (and so in some sense contain less information than an equivalent-sized patch of earth), requiring a large amount of energy and planning to produce (and so in some sense containing a great deal of information compared to a random patch of earth, having been extensively reorganized by humans). Boiler plates contribute to an order that has the capacity to create mess in conflict with other orders, such as when a boiler explodes, or when a rusty boiler is left to decay in someone’s back yard. Boiler plates were also extremely useful for a period of time, and remain in use to this day, though in more limited use cases than during the nineteenth century (as far as I know). Their very self-similarity contributes to their usefulness: a non-self-similar boiler plate by definition has weak spots, and as we know from our correspondent from 1860, a boiler is only as strong as its weakest element. Let us take boiler plates, then, as an analogy for tiling systems or tiling structures: cultural elements, from architecture to activities to mental states, that tend to copy-paste themselves in identical form over and over, tiling over variation that existed in the past. I have written before about the problems with tiling the world in a top-down, legible manner, but there are both exceptions and redeeming features of this mode of production. First, some tiling structures are good. This is true when the tiled item is strictly better than the variation that existed before. Variety is nice, but when we appreciate variety, we appreciate different kinds of food, say, not moldy, underripe, or inadequate food. A tiling structure that makes good materials available is better than no tiling structure at all. Second, as demonstrated by biology, tiling at the right level can allow for a high level of variation and complexity. Rather than copying the same building over and over, tiling according to a good pattern language means allowing a specific building to emerge based on procedural rules and local constraints. It is the difference between making an artificial tree by copying the same leaf over and over by an industrial process, and allowing a tree to grow with different leaves according to the interaction of its DNA and the environment. Third, new variation is produced all the time, and there remain refuges of certain aspects of older ways of life, in weird small towns and neighborhoods, in religious communities, and perhaps in old books. Finally, the worst of the tiling structures are not built to last. While bad architecture that all looks the same is depressing, it’s rare to see horrendous architecture last more than a few generations. The shopping malls are already coming to ruin and being reclaimed by chaos, the ugly brutalist buildings are meeting the wrecking ball, and the big box stores are constructed in the flimsiest manner practicable, not even trying to avoid their inevitable fate. Perhaps the depressing structures presently tiling our minds will turn out to be just that flimsy and destructible. Boilerplate language tends to be deliberately and intelligently chosen to serve a particular purpose (Miranda rights, “I’m sorry for your loss”). It exists in multiple forms, and despite being relatively unchanging, is used in creative ways. Copying is itself a creative act, and the context for the copying often provides surprising variation in meaning. Cultural tiling has always been with us, perhaps before language, and somehow our lives are not all boringly identical. The Age of Rectangles will not last forever.