Idiots Scaring Themselves in the Dark

Getting lost is a special experience; usually you are not lost. On ordinary days when you are oriented (not lost), a hidden process is happening in the background: you are constantly checking your mental maps against your environment, and finding them to accord well. This constant background process creates the positive sensation of average-everydayness, mundanity, homeliness. You know where you are. Then things start looking weird. Conflicts between the mental map and the environment start setting off alarm bells. Very gradually, you realize you are lost. You deny it for as long as you can, perhaps acting stupidly and getting yourself more lost. Then it hits you. Laurence Gonzales (Deep Survival) describes the mental processes involved in getting lost in the wilderness, illustrated by the experience of firefighter and recreational hiker Ken Killip:

...with reason pretty much out of the picture and emotion driving hard toward survival strategies, Killip started down the wrong drainage as darkness and rain fell around him. It was the absence of a mental map of the place in which he found himself that caused the amygdala to begin sending danger signals. People recognize as good such places as the location of food, water, and members of the opposite sex. That's a primary task of adaptation and survival. People also recognize dangerous places. And it makes perfect sense that a dangerous place to be is one for which you have no mental map, for then you'd be unable to find food, water, or a mate. Killip's seemingly irrational behavior [not making a fire, not using garbage bags for a tent, falling down a steep slope and severely injuring himself] makes sense when viewed from the brain's point of view. The fact of not having a mental map, of trying to create one in an environment where the sensory input made no sense, is interpreted as an emergency and triggers a physical (i.e., emotional) response. In the emergency of being no place, Killip's action makes sense to the organism, even though it seems illogical. The organism needed him to hurry up and try to get some place quickly, a place that matched his mental map, a place that would provide access to the essentials of survival. This impulse explains Syrotuck's observation that people panic when they become lost. It gives a working definition of being lost: the inability to make the mental map match the environment. [p. 149-150, emphasis mine.]

Lost and not-lost are not discrete states. The process of getting lost (and getting found again) looks something like this: [caption id="attachment_5871" align="alignnone" width="500"] The Lostness Curve (Uncanny Mountain)[/caption] We could say that lostness and orientation (or average-everydayness) are cartographic emotions - affective states related to the correspondence (or mismatch) of mental map to geographical environment. It is also correct to say that they are "epistemic emotions" - positive and negative emotions related to information foraging, such as curiosity, boredom, insight, confusion, and humor, as described in Inside Jokes. To be lost is to be motivated to make a map. To be oriented is to not be motivated toward map-making. To be extremely lost, in the wilderness, is terrifying. Being mildly lost is much more tolerable. When we visit a new place, there is pleasure in filling out a cursory mental map with rich details. Episodes of disorientation and anxiety become rarer, fading into the feeling of being at home. Running up Mount Lukens in the San Gabriel Mountains outside Los Angeles for the first time, alone, my happy mood suddenly turned spooky. I had a perfectly fine mental map (I was running on a fire road and knew exactly where I was). Was I being watched by a predator? I knew there were mountain lions in the area, but I also knew that mountain lion attacks are rare, mountain lions being nocturnal. Finally, I realized what it was: I had rounded a bend that offered a very wide view - of a completely uninhabited area. There was complete silence except for the wind. The city, which had up to now constantly been in view, was entirely occluded. I was alone. I would qualify this experience as "mild lostness" - separation from the objects that make up my sense of the normal and safe, without losing my geographic mental map. I felt relief when I got through the spooky section and could see the city again. But the spookiness did not dissuade me from running the route many times afterward. I looked forward to the lonely, empty section the next time, but its spookiness gradually faded. I got used to it, and made it part of my (mental) territory. Lostness is only aversive at its extremes. In less extreme cases, it can be ambivalent, even exciting. Children play disorientation-reorientation games for fun - hide and seek, blindfold games, spinning around until everything looks different. An account of lostness that assumed it was only a negative emotion would be missing something. Further, it is possible to practice navigating not only a geographical area, but the emotion of lostness itself. Laurence Gonzales notes that when he himself got seriously lost in the wilderness, he'd had a great deal of experience in wilderness backpacking, but no experience at actually being lost. Being lost is dangerous, but mild forms of lostness might prepare us emotionally to handle serious lostness. Better yet, mild lostness indicates presence in new territory - a tempting source of information, as well as a potential source of danger.

The Uncanny

All this is prelude to the really interesting mental state: the uncanny. This is the emotion of eeriness, spookiness, creepiness. It is associated with the "uncanny valley" - the alleged eeriness of things that look almost, but not quite, human. The uncanny is not simply fear. Well-understood dangers do not generally produce spooky or eerie feelings. However frightening they may be, they are not uncanny. Think of human attackers, large animal predators, a car swerving into you, diving off of a high place - frightening, but not creepy. The prototypical instance of the uncanny (from Ernst Jentsch, On the Psychology of the Uncanny, 1906) is the confusion between animate and inanimate beings: the creepy living doll, the puppet (or corpse) that gets up and talks, the person who is secretly replaced by an automaton. (This does not represent the entire extent of uncanny items; it's just a particularly effective one.) Jentsch says:

Among all the psychical uncertainties that can become a cause for the uncanny feeling to arise, there is one in particular that is able to develop a fairly regular, powerful and very general effect: namely, doubt as to whether an apparently living being really is animate and, conversely, doubt as to whether a lifeless object may not in fact be animate – and more precisely, when this doubt only makes itself felt obscurely in one’s consciousness. The mood lasts until these doubts are resolved and then usually makes way for another kind of feeling. [Emphasis mine.]

Why do we get creeped out in this way? Burleigh (2009) lists several distinct theories explaining the experience in etiological terms:

• Cheater detection - the sensation of the uncanny is a response to the presence of sociopaths or bad actors
• Disease avoidance - the sensation of the uncanny is a response to the appearance and behavior of diseased people, to prevent pathogen transmission
• Mate selection - the sensation of the uncanny prevents the selection of a poor-quality mate
• Fear of death - objects that are death-reminders are perceived as uncanny; the terror of death is so great that any thought of death must be avoided
• Ordinary fear - the uncanny is just regular fear
• A combination of emotions - the experience of the uncanny is a complex emotion rather than a single emotion
• Cognitive dissonance - uncanny items are simultaneously perceived to belong to multiple mutually exclusive categories

The problem in general with these explanations (except the combination of emotions theory, which is not really explanatory) is that they explain why the uncanny and the eerie are avoided, but not why they are sought out. If the experience of the uncanny exists to detect and avoid illness, for example, why would we crave and enjoy the experience? (And, if it's so effective, why do humans throughout time care for the sick and dying, not to mention wash, dress, or otherwise intimately care for the dead?) As for cheater detection, why would we so frequently get the creeps when alone? Back in 1906, Jentsch explained eeriness in terms of uncertainty - especially uncertainty only barely apprehended. Parallel to lostness and orientation, the uncanny is the epistemic emotion of gradually noticing that the mental map does not fit the territory. Children are especially prone to the terrors of (and, in turn, especially seek out) the uncanny. The child, says Jentsch, "has had so little experience that simple things can be inexplicable for him and even slightly complicated situations can represent dark secrets." Silence, darkness, and solitude amplify the effects of the uncanny, in that the ordinary stimuli that produce the positive experience of ordinariness are absent. Dreams are a frequent locus of the uncanny, especially in children. When I was in elementary school and would walk around the house alone at night, I used to habitually visualize a glowing skull floating just behind my head. It created a profound sense of eeriness, such that I wanted to run back to my room. Even in the moment, I knew how silly it was, and pondered the irony of risking real harm (falling on the stairs) to get away from the eeriness. I still ran. But children both fear and desire the unknown. Children play games and enjoy stories designed to amplify the experience of the uncanny (think Bloody Mary - the mirror is supposed to be inanimate, but it kind of behaves like an animate being). Interestingly, alongside these games, they frequently engage in what Brandon & Rice (2012) call "folk illusions" - easily reproducible proprioceptive illusions like "Floating Arms," or "Light as a Feather, Stiff as a Board." Children seem to seek out developmentally appropriate creepiness in order to master it. Together, while safe (but not too safe), they confront the eerie, master it, and grow bored. Groups of hundreds of children used to hunt monsters together right in their own neighborhoods, late at night. Whatever the uncanny is, it is sought out and overcome as a developmental stage. This is not to say that the experience of the uncanny is entirely outgrown. Adults are also attracted to (and repelled by) the uncanny. The uncanny is a common feature of horror entertainment (novels, movies, video games, haunted houses). A creepy atmosphere is an attraction. Not all horror movies focus on the uncanny, and not all movies that evoke the uncanny are classified as horror (Mulholland Drive, The Matrix, The Truman Show, 2001: A Space Odyssey). A popular genre of internet folklore "told for true" is the "glitch in the matrix" story: a creepy, uncanny story of something going wrong with reality without any horror tropes, and often without any apparent threat or danger. Photographs are another form of this genre; these are often crafted to depict identical people dressed identically near each other, but not together. Coincidences can be a vehicle for the feeling of the uncanny; a connection or hidden causality is implied, but not detectable. The mental model feels broken - often in an alluring way. Conspiracy theories as a genre of entertainment aim to produce the sense of the uncanny: epistemic confusion so unexpected that it feels like the solid earth is slipping from beneath our feet. I found the Moon Landing Hoax Conspiracy theory delightfully creepy when I first heard it. On the other hand, while the Flat Earth stuff is very creative and otherwise aesthetically pleasing, I have never managed to find it uncanny or spooky. It is possible to become inured to not only the uncanniness of a specific object, but to a whole genre, as one's mental maps adapt to expect its regularities. Sometimes I fear that there's no uncanny left for me. One of the most vivid experiences of the uncanny I have had was reading Julian Jaynes' Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, as an idiot teenager so creeped out by the world that I still had to check behind the shower curtain every time I went to the bathroom. In Jaynes' model, stone age people experienced constant hallucinations, to the effect that distant people and even the dead were speaking to them. On page 142 of the book, a simple line drawing of an archeological dig site appears: a skeleton in an uncomfortable position, with its head resting between rocks. On its own, the drawing is not very creepy. [caption id="attachment_5872" align="alignnone" width="500"] Nooooooooooope[/caption] Jaynes explains:

I am suggesting that the dead king, thus propped up on his pillow of stones, was in the hallucinations of his people still giving forth his commands, and that the red-painted parapet and its top tier of a hearth were a response to the decomposition of the body, and that, for a time at least, the very place, even the smoke from its holy fire, rising into visibility from furlongs around, was, like the gray mists of the Aegean for Achilles, a source of hallucinations and of the commands that controlled the Mesolithic world of Eynan.

The idea of an animate talking skull, on its own, was by that time no longer creepy to me. But the suggestion that normal human brains, thousands of years ago, regularly produced the illusion that skulls were talking was enough to unsettle me. I was so creeped out that I couldn't read any more that night, and I didn't want to even leave the book open to that page - I had to bookmark it, close it, and set it out of sight. But the uncanny sensation attracted me to the book as much as it repelled me. I am so familiar with it now that I can barely summon any sense of eeriness. The uncanny gets worn out. Just as we say there is a learning curve, there is a spookiness curve - one very similar to the lostness curve above. The initially uncanny object or experience ceases to produce the uncanny sensation once it is understood, just as a very interesting object or text loses its interest as it becomes familiar, and a very funny joke ceases to be funny once you've heard it. The mental states change, because they are epistemic emotions that function to incentivize careful learning. How better to fix holes in your worldview than through focus on the interesting and the uncanny? If you are brave enough, that is.

Risk and Thrill

Jentsch says, "there are perhaps only very few affects which in themselves must always be unpleasurable under all circumstances, without exception." That is, almost anything aversive can be enjoyed under some circumstances, and aversiveness may contribute to pleasure. This is not just a masochism sex thing; aversiveness is necessary for the dare experience, for example. Lots of people pay for the experience of mastering some forms of pain and body horror (tattoos, piercing). People pay to run ultramarathons. They gamble and go skydiving. Risk, like the uncanny, is sought out when there are appropriate stakes (the possibility of victory or defeat) and the perceived possibility of mastery. In climbing a tree, you might fall, but you might get very high up, and you will probably get better at it. Learning any new method of locomotion (swimming, skiing, horseback riding, canoeing, surfing) risks harm, and also promises reward and mastery. Competing in athletic contests guarantees either win or loss: something at stake. Risk is at once frightening and desirable. The most common evolutionary psychology story about risk and thrill is one of sex differences. While there is a lot of evidence that men (especially young men) engage in more risky behavior than women, what's interesting to me is how much both sexes seem to want to do scary, risky stuff. Little girls were scaring themselves in the dark before "Idiots Scaring Themselves in the Dark" was a reality TV genre (genre name proposed by twitter user @thestatesucks). Girls enjoy getting thrown up in the air for cheerleading purposes, not to mention gymnastics. The sex differences in risk taking suggest that risk has been differently important to men and women in human history, but to a surprising degree we are all idiots scaring ourselves in the dark. Even better, if the uncanny is an epistemic emotion, signposting a territory ripe for learning, then being idiots who scare ourselves in the dark is part of what makes us so smart and cool. This interpretation has the suspiciously appealing implication that we have been selected for, among other things, epistemic courage.