How to Pick Business and Self-Improvement Books

After a couple of decades of yo-yo-ing between Stuart Smalley-like solemn earnestness and Dilbertish disdain towards all self-improvement literature and business books (two genres with very similar conventions, intellectual cultures and authorial intentions), I think I've developed a pretty good system for picking out the winners and weeding out the losers. Here's my algorithm, with some fun examples of both good and bad. So how can you quickly filter out the losers and adopt a good-humored openness to being influenced by the rest? First, calibrate your expectations. There are no gospels and no pieces of utter garbage -- if you have the patience, even the worst piece of dreck, read with an anthropologist's eye, might yield some insight. Your filtration can, at best, be a threshold mechanism that will inevitably let some losers into your mind and let some winners get away. You want to pick a threshold criterion that minimizes both these kinds of errors and mostly lets in books that have a sufficiently high density of good stuff. Inevitably, your intellectual immune system will fail occasionally, and you'll develop a severe bout of intellectual 'flu due to a single bad idea leaking in. Take some Vitamin C, recover, and move on. Here is the decision rule: kick out any book that displays 3 or more of the tell-tale signs of shoddy thinking on this checklist. If you like more precision, rate your book on each attribute from 0-5 and throw out any book that crosses, say, a total of 10. Or best -- consciously apply this filter for a few sessions of bookstore-browsing, and then let your subconscious take over the execution of this algorithm. The Checklist 1. Science-ism: If a book loudly touts its scientific foundations, then it is automatically suspect in my mind. Giveaway phrases are "Based on dozens of rigorous studies" or "drawing upon a wide range of recent developments in neuroscience, cognitive therapy and astronomy"or worst of all, "based on a study of hundreds of successful people/companies." Psychology and economics in real-world settings are way more complex than the conditions of any scientific study, especially multiple-regression studies conducted by idiots. To work, a science-based book must make a leap of faith to arrive at inspired extrapolation to real-world conditions. In which case the back-cover would be touting the inspired leap more than the studies. Examples of Science-ism failures and successes:

• Who am I? is an example of a godawful science-based book that stops at the science (and very dull science at that) and never leaps to the real world. The Millionaire Next Door fails fatally by being unable to make the leap from correlation to thoughtful analysis (see Fooled by Randomness for an incisive skewering of the premise of TMND).
• Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think, on the other hand, is a great example of how to thoughtfully take good science into the real world by way of intelligent conjecture, in a way that educates and helps.

Be careful though: since self-improvement sells more than popular science, very good popular science books are often marketed and packaged as bad self-improvement books, with a tacked on prescriptive chapter that the authors often don't believe in themselves. An example is Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers, a book that is great pop science, but bad self-improvement. Read such books as pop-science. 2. Over-extended Metaphorism/Analogism: Your life isn't isn't golf or football; your business isn't war. Yet self-improvement and business books insist on taking metaphors and analogies much too far. The result is that you either apply flawed analogical reasoning and fail, or fail to translate prescriptions to your situation altogether because of the obscurity of the translation required.

• The Power of Full Engagement carries the "life is a series of sprints, not a marathon" analogy much too far. It is a valuable analogy, but the authors clearly didn't think too hard about where it stops applying. Overachievement draws an analogy between sports and advanced surgery to everything else, adds a conceptual distinction between "training" and "performance" mindsets, and then derails.
• While it has other flaws, the parable-format Who Moved My Cheese? pushes the metaphor just as far as it will go.

3. Anecdotalism: A quote I've learned to love in recent times is by George Box: "data without generalization is just gossip." Now, pure anecdotal food-for-thought, like Chicken Soup for the Soul, with no pretensions to analytical value, is fine. A series of anecdotes though, cannot by itself support usefully broad conclusions -- a conceptual model is needed. When authors do decide to draw conclusions from anecdotes, you can usually tell when the anecdotes were chosen to make specific points, not the other way around -- bad analysis fit to whatever anecdotes the author could think of or (or worse, wanted to use for unrelated purposes like self-aggrandizement)

• Rules for Renegades which I browsed recently, is a good example of an offender (I could be wrong, but I find women writers succumbing to anecdotalism more often then men).
• Two books I reviewed on this site, Competing on Analytics, and Wikinomics, both make thoughtful use of well-chosen anecdotes, as is the beautifully written How Doctors Think. Another excellent example is The 48 Laws of Power, which I talked about briefly in my post, The 15 Laws of Meeting Power.

4. Motivationalism: To excite a reader for an hour is much easier than to actually change behavior. Motivational writing has its place, and books that are openly meant to motivate don't worry me -- The Alchemist is a good example. It is motivational writing masquerading as pragmatic, implementable self-improvement or business advice that is dangerous. Such books typically set up a superficially plausible conceptual model -- a just-so story -- and then proceed to bury the logos of the rhetoric in so much ethos and pathos that during the entire reading experience, you are feeling too excited, emotional, noble or guilty to actually process the argument critically.

• The vastly over-rated The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People is the most egregious offender here. I am not alone in never actually having found much use for what I thought I learned.
• Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-Free Productivity on the other hand, is a tasteful blend of effective advice with just the right amount of motivational prose to keep you engaged. Not only did I get excited when I read the thing, I actually successfully applied the concepts to my work.

5. Unreconstructed Autobiography-ism: This failure often accompanies Anecdotalism. Successful people (and companies) are possibly the worst authors of self-improvement (or "how to run a company well") books. Few have a good-humored detachment from their own success, resistance towards confirmation bias or a keen sense of the role of luck in their own success. The result is that we get a reading of the facts of their lives that no critical biography-writer would have produced. Again, I don't mind flat-out biographies, like say that old favorite, Iacocca. It is autobiography badly extrapolated into advice for others that is grounds for filtration.

• The hilariously bad It's Called Work for a Reason! is an example. I read a couple of chapters because I couldn't believe somebody could analyze and draw lessons from their own success that badly. Another is The 4-Hour work Week, which isn't quite as bad
• The best example I can point you to, of thoughtfully reconstructed autobiographically-based prescriptive writing, is not a book, but Richard Hamming's excellent speech, You and Your Research. How Doctors Think is also a good example.

6. Conceptual Inadequacy: The companion flaw (but independent) of anecdotalism is conceptual inadequacy. It takes a brave writer to offer up a legitimate conceptual model that is an adequate foil to the data being discussed. Another quote (I can't recall the author) comes to mind -- "Never believe experimental results until they have been validated by a good theory."

• Blue Ocean Strategy which I skewered elsewhere in this blog for incredible conceptual weakness, is a good example of this failure mode. Clockspeed, which is otherwise pretty good, is a lesser, more forgivable offender.
• Again, Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-Free Productivity is an example of the right amount of conceptual scaffolding, as are Henry Chesbrough's books on Open Innovation.

You'd think there'd be a failure mode on the other end of this spectrum -- conceptual bloat without enough empirical content. But fortunately, authors seem to be alive to this weakness and few books with this flaw make it anyway (some of my own blog posts, I admit, do tend towards this failure mode). 7. Dishonest Mysticism: This is sometimes hard to tell apart from motivationalism, but the key is that instead of attempting to over-inspire, fake Gurus attempt to over-awe. Parables, heavily right-brained books, and the like are susceptible. Genuine mystic literature and subjective reports of experiences the reader may not be able to replicate are fine by me. Where dishonesty begins is where the authors attempt to attribute authority to themselves based on those self-reported experiences, and use that authority to force dodgy metaphysics down your throat with florid rhetoric and cheap emotional tricks.

• The Celestine Prophecy is a major offender, as is the recent The Secret. Blogger Steve Pavlina, online self-development uber-Guru, often slides into this mode, though he occasionally has moments of pragmatic brilliance.
• Books that are in the danger zone, but gracefully and lightly carry their mystical elements without forcing them on you (and adding value whether or not you buy the mystical bits) include The Alchemist and A Whole New Mind.

8. Universalism: No theory or prescription applies to everybody. Period. Very few self-improvement or business books take the trouble to suggest to the reader how to evaluate whether the prescription might work for them, and what is and is not within their control. Outlines of substantive necessary or sufficient conditions for meaningful application of the concepts being sold is something I have never seen. At best you get some lip-service of the ``of course, you'll have to apply these ideas appropriately to your situation" variety. Can This Algorithm Fail? Let me eat my own dog food here and avoid Universalism. There are two conditions under which this algorithm will not work. The first is unique individual conditions. A book that is a "No" by any reasonable filter might still be the one that is the exact right stimulus for you, in your particular situation, to get you to a breakthrough. Which is why it is a good thing that the algorithm naturally fails occasionally, exposing you ideas you might otherwise have tossed. If you are in a very abnormal life situation, you might want to throw away this algorithm for a while. The second I'll just call 'magic' -- a book could be a failure by ALL these criteria, and STILL somehow come together coherently to be a masterpiece. I haven't yet seen one, but that doesn't mean it doesn't exist. My filter is after all, just a heuristic, not an axiomatic theory. Endnote: Should You Deliberately Read Bad Books? Surprisingly, yes. Occasionally, bad books will be wildly successful. People around you will quote, use, and apply the ideas in such books. Mere blocking and filtration isn't enough to protect you from such bad ideas. You will need to actively and critically read and energetically destroy the book for yourself and those you hope to influence. Vaccination so to speak, with the virus-weakening being achieved by your deliberately critical intent. So dare to be a critic. And don't forget, sometimes books can be so bad they are just fun to read and tear apart.